一、单选题#
若复数 z = ( 1 2 + 2 i ) ( a − 3 i ) ( a ∈ R ) z = (\frac{1}{2} + 2i)(a - 3i) (a \in \mathbb{R}) z = ( 2 1 + 2 i ) ( a − 3 i ) ( a ∈ R ) 为纯虚数,则 a = ( ) a = (\quad) a = ( )
A. − 2 -\sqrt{2} − 2 B. − 12 -12 − 12 C. 0 0 0 D. 10 10 10
勾选:B
批注: z = a 2 − 3 2 i + 2 a i + 6 = ( a 2 + 6 ) + ( 2 a − 3 2 ) i z = \frac{a}{2} - \frac{3}{2}i + 2ai + 6 = (\frac{a}{2} + 6) + (2a - \frac{3}{2})i z = 2 a − 2 3 i + 2 ai + 6 = ( 2 a + 6 ) + ( 2 a − 2 3 ) i 。由于 z z z 是纯虚数,实部为0且虚部不为0,即 a 2 + 6 = 0 \frac{a}{2} + 6 = 0 2 a + 6 = 0 ,解得 a = − 12 a = -12 a = − 12 ,故B正确。
已知向量 a ⃗ = ( − 2 , 4 ) \vec{a} = (-2, 4) a = ( − 2 , 4 ) ,b ⃗ = ( 2 , x ) \vec{b} = (2, x) b = ( 2 , x ) ,若 a ⃗ ∥ b ⃗ \vec{a} \parallel \vec{b} a ∥ b ,则 ∣ b ⃗ ∣ = ( ) |\vec{b}| = (\quad) ∣ b ∣ = ( )
A. 2 5 2\sqrt{5} 2 5 B. 4 6 4\sqrt{6} 4 6 C. 3 6 3\sqrt{6} 3 6 D. 2 7 2\sqrt{7} 2 7
勾选:A
批注: 向量共线则 − 2 2 = 4 x \frac{-2}{2} = \frac{4}{x} 2 − 2 = x 4 ,解得 x = − 4 x = -4 x = − 4 ,所以 b ⃗ = ( 2 , − 4 ) \vec{b} = (2, -4) b = ( 2 , − 4 ) ,∣ b ⃗ ∣ = 2 2 + ( − 4 ) 2 = 20 = 2 5 |\vec{b}| = \sqrt{2^2 + (-4)^2} = \sqrt{20} = 2\sqrt{5} ∣ b ∣ = 2 2 + ( − 4 ) 2 = 20 = 2 5 ,故A正确。
下列说法中正确的是 ( ) (\quad) ( )
A. 一个多面体至少有4个面
B. 矩形旋转一周一定形成一个圆柱
C. 底面是正多边形的棱锥是正棱锥
D. 用一个平面去截棱锥,棱锥底面与截面之间的部分是棱台
勾选:A
批注: 三棱锥是最简单的多面体,恰好有4个面,A正确。矩形旋转时若以对角线为轴则形成双圆锥或其它形状,B错。正棱锥还需顶点在底面的投影在底面中心,C错。截面必须平行于底面得到的才是棱台,D错。
一组从小到大排列的数据:3, 4, x x x , 12, 16。若这组数据的第60百分位数比平均数大2,则 x x x 的值为 ( ) (\quad) ( )
A. 10 10 10 B. 9 9 9 C. 8 8 8 D. 7 7 7
勾选:A
批注: 平均数 x ˉ = 3 + 4 + x + 12 + 16 5 = 35 + x 5 = 7 + x 5 \bar{x} = \frac{3 + 4 + x + 12 + 16}{5} = \frac{35 + x}{5} = 7 + \frac{x}{5} x ˉ = 5 3 + 4 + x + 12 + 16 = 5 35 + x = 7 + 5 x 。第60百分位数:5 × 60 % = 3 5 \times 60\% = 3 5 × 60% = 3 ,所以第60百分位数为第3个数 x x x 。根据题意,x = ( 7 + x 5 ) + 2 x = (7 + \frac{x}{5}) + 2 x = ( 7 + 5 x ) + 2 ,解得 4 5 x = 9 ⇒ x = 45 4 = 11.25 \frac{4}{5}x = 9 \Rightarrow x = \frac{45}{4} = 11.25 5 4 x = 9 ⇒ x = 4 45 = 11.25 ,不符合选项。重新计算百分位数的位置:i = 5 × 60 % = 3 i = 5 \times 60\% = 3 i = 5 × 60% = 3 。若第3个数为 x x x ,则 x = 7 + x 5 + 2 ⇒ 9 = 4 5 x ⇒ x = 11.25 x = 7 + \frac{x}{5} + 2 \Rightarrow 9 = \frac{4}{5}x \Rightarrow x = 11.25 x = 7 + 5 x + 2 ⇒ 9 = 5 4 x ⇒ x = 11.25 ,选项不符。若第60百分位数按相邻插值,则第3、4个数的平均值,即 x + 12 2 \frac{x+12}{2} 2 x + 12 为第60百分位数。建立方程 x + 12 2 = 7 + x 5 + 2 = 9 + x 5 \frac{x+12}{2} = 7 + \frac{x}{5} + 2 = 9 + \frac{x}{5} 2 x + 12 = 7 + 5 x + 2 = 9 + 5 x ,解得 5 ( x + 12 ) = 90 + 2 x ⇒ 5 x + 60 = 90 + 2 x ⇒ 3 x = 30 ⇒ x = 10 5(x+12) = 90 + 2x \Rightarrow 5x + 60 = 90 + 2x \Rightarrow 3x = 30 \Rightarrow x = 10 5 ( x + 12 ) = 90 + 2 x ⇒ 5 x + 60 = 90 + 2 x ⇒ 3 x = 30 ⇒ x = 10 ,此时平均数为9,第60百分位数为11,正好相差2,且 3 < 4 < 10 < 12 < 16 3 < 4 < 10 < 12 < 16 3 < 4 < 10 < 12 < 16 排序成立,故A正确。
抛掷一枚均匀硬币,如果连续抛掷2026次,那么第2025次出现正面朝上的概率为 ( ) (\quad) ( )
A. 1 1 1 B. 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 2 1 C. 1 2025 \frac{1}{2025} 2025 1 D. 1 2026 \frac{1}{2026} 2026 1
勾选:B
批注: 每一次抛掷硬币都是独立事件,概率不受前次结果影响,每次正面朝上的概率均为 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 2 1 ,故B正确。
海洋蓝洞是地球罕见的自然地理现象。我国拥有世界上最深的海洋蓝洞。若要测量如图所示的蓝洞的口径 A , B A, B A , B 两点间的距离,现在珊瑚群岛上取两点 C , D C, D C , D ,测得 C D = 20 m CD = 20\text{m} C D = 20 m ,∠ A D B = 135 ∘ \angle ADB = 135^\circ ∠ A D B = 13 5 ∘ ,∠ B D C = ∠ D C A = 15 ∘ \angle BDC = \angle DCA = 15^\circ ∠ B D C = ∠ D C A = 1 5 ∘ ,∠ A C B = 120 ∘ \angle ACB = 120^\circ ∠ A C B = 12 0 ∘ ,则 A , B A, B A , B 两点间的距离为 ( ) (\quad) ( )
A. 10 5 m 10\sqrt{5}\text{m} 10 5 m B. 20 2 m 20\sqrt{2}\text{m} 20 2 m C. 20 3 m 20\sqrt{3}\text{m} 20 3 m D. 20 5 m 20\sqrt{5}\text{m} 20 5 m
勾选:D
批注: 由 ∠ B D C = 15 ∘ , ∠ D C A = 15 ∘ \angle BDC = 15^\circ, \angle DCA = 15^\circ ∠ B D C = 1 5 ∘ , ∠ D C A = 1 5 ∘ 得 C D ∥ A B CD \parallel AB C D ∥ A B 或对称几何关系。在 △ A C D \triangle ACD △ A C D 和 △ B C D \triangle BCD △ B C D 中分别利用正弦定理,在 △ A D B \triangle ADB △ A D B 中利用余弦定理,代入化简解得 A B = 20 5 AB = 20\sqrt{5} A B = 20 5 ,故D正确。
如图,在四面体 O A B C OABC O A B C 中,O A = 2 , O B = 3 , O C = 4 OA=2, OB=3, OC=4 O A = 2 , O B = 3 , O C = 4 ,O A ⊥ O B , O B ⊥ O C , O A ⊥ O C OA \perp OB, OB \perp OC, OA \perp OC O A ⊥ O B , O B ⊥ O C , O A ⊥ O C ,M M M 为 B C BC B C 的中点,则点 B B B 到平面 O M A OMA O M A 的距离为 ( ) (\quad) ( )
A. 4 5 3 \frac{4\sqrt{5}}{3} 3 4 5 B. 12 5 \frac{12}{5} 5 12 C. 2 13 2\sqrt{13} 2 13 D. 24 5 \frac{24}{5} 5 24
勾选:B
批注: 以 O O O 为原点,O A OA O A 为 x x x 轴,O B OB O B 为 y y y 轴,O C OC O C 为 z z z 轴建系。B ( 0 , 3 , 0 ) , M ( 0 , 2 , 2 ) , O ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , A ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) B(0,3,0), M(0,2,2), O(0,0,0), A(2,0,0) B ( 0 , 3 , 0 ) , M ( 0 , 2 , 2 ) , O ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , A ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) 。平面 O M A OMA O M A 的方程:z = 2 y z=2y z = 2 y (由 O , M , A O, M, A O , M , A 三点求得法向量 n ⃗ = ( 0 , 2 , − 1 ) \vec{n} = (0, 2, -1) n = ( 0 , 2 , − 1 ) ),利用点到平面距离公式 d = ∣ 2 ⋅ 3 − 0 ∣ 0 2 + 2 2 + ( − 1 ) 2 = 6 5 = 6 5 5 d = \frac{|2 \cdot 3 - 0|}{\sqrt{0^2+2^2+(-1)^2}} = \frac{6}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{6\sqrt{5}}{5} d = 0 2 + 2 2 + ( − 1 ) 2 ∣2 ⋅ 3 − 0∣ = 5 6 = 5 6 5 。等等,这里选项是 12 5 \frac{12}{5} 5 12 。重新计算:O M ⃗ = ( 0 , 2 , 2 ) \vec{OM}=(0,2,2) O M = ( 0 , 2 , 2 ) ,O A ⃗ = ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) \vec{OA}=(2,0,0) O A = ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) ,法向量 n ⃗ = O M ⃗ × O A ⃗ = ( 0 , 4 , − 4 ) \vec{n} = \vec{OM} \times \vec{OA} = (0,4,-4) n = O M × O A = ( 0 , 4 , − 4 ) ,距离 d = ∣ n ⃗ ⋅ O B ⃗ ∣ ∣ n ⃗ ∣ = ∣ ( 0 , 4 , − 4 ) ⋅ ( 0 , 3 , 0 ) ∣ 0 + 16 + 16 = 12 32 = 12 4 2 = 3 2 = 3 2 2 d = \frac{|\vec{n} \cdot \vec{OB}|}{|\vec{n}|} = \frac{|(0,4,-4) \cdot (0,3,0)|}{\sqrt{0+16+16}} = \frac{12}{\sqrt{32}} = \frac{12}{4\sqrt{2}} = \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2} d = ∣ n ∣ ∣ n ⋅ O B ∣ = 0 + 16 + 16 ∣ ( 0 , 4 , − 4 ) ⋅ ( 0 , 3 , 0 ) ∣ = 32 12 = 4 2 12 = 2 3 = 2 3 2 ,不对。重新建系,O A OA O A 为 x x x ,O B OB O B 为 y y y ,O C OC O C 为 z z z 。平面 O A M OAM O A M 中,O ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , A ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) , M ( 0 , 1.5 , 2 ) O(0,0,0), A(2,0,0), M(0,1.5,2) O ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , A ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) , M ( 0 , 1.5 , 2 ) (M M M 为 B C BC B C 中点),法向量 n ⃗ = ( 0 , − 2 , 1.5 ) \vec{n} = (0, -2, 1.5) n = ( 0 , − 2 , 1.5 ) ,距离 d = ∣ ( 0 , − 2 , 1.5 ) ⋅ ( 0 , 3 , 0 ) ∣ 0 + 4 + 2.25 = 6 6.25 = 6 2.5 = 12 5 d = \frac{|(0,-2,1.5) \cdot (0,3,0)|}{\sqrt{0+4+2.25}} = \frac{6}{\sqrt{6.25}} = \frac{6}{2.5} = \frac{12}{5} d = 0 + 4 + 2.25 ∣ ( 0 , − 2 , 1.5 ) ⋅ ( 0 , 3 , 0 ) ∣ = 6.25 6 = 2.5 6 = 5 12 ,故B正确。
已知某随机试验中,事件 A , B , C A, B, C A , B , C 发生的概率分别是 1 6 , 1 3 , 1 2 \frac{1}{6}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2} 6 1 , 3 1 , 2 1 ,则下列说法正确的是 ( ) (\quad) ( )
A. ( A ∪ B ) (A \cup B) ( A ∪ B ) 与 C C C 是互斥事件,且是对立事件 B. A ∪ B ∪ C A \cup B \cup C A ∪ B ∪ C 一定是必然事件
C. 0 < P ( B ∪ C ) ≤ 5 6 0 < P(B \cup C) \le \frac{5}{6} 0 < P ( B ∪ C ) ≤ 6 5 D. A ∪ B A \cup B A ∪ B 的概率一定等于 0.5 0.5 0.5
勾选:C
批注: P ( B ∪ C ) = P ( B ) + P ( C ) − P ( B ∩ C ) = 1 3 + 1 2 − P ( B ∩ C ) = 5 6 − P ( B ∩ C ) P(B \cup C) = P(B) + P(C) - P(B \cap C) = \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{2} - P(B \cap C) = \frac{5}{6} - P(B \cap C) P ( B ∪ C ) = P ( B ) + P ( C ) − P ( B ∩ C ) = 3 1 + 2 1 − P ( B ∩ C ) = 6 5 − P ( B ∩ C ) 。因为 P ( B ∩ C ) ≥ 0 P(B \cap C) \ge 0 P ( B ∩ C ) ≥ 0 ,所以 P ( B ∪ C ) ≤ 5 6 P(B \cup C) \le \frac{5}{6} P ( B ∪ C ) ≤ 6 5 。又 B B B 与 C C C 可能互斥(即 P ( B ∩ C ) = 0 P(B \cap C)=0 P ( B ∩ C ) = 0 ),此时 P ( B ∪ C ) = 5 6 P(B \cup C)=\frac{5}{6} P ( B ∪ C ) = 6 5 ,也可能有交集(P ( B ∩ C ) > 0 P(B \cap C) > 0 P ( B ∩ C ) > 0 ),但不超过最小值 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 2 1 (因为总概率不超过1)?稳妥估计 0 < 5 6 − P ( B ∩ C ) ≤ 5 6 0 < \frac{5}{6} - P(B \cap C) \le \frac{5}{6} 0 < 6 5 − P ( B ∩ C ) ≤ 6 5 ,而 P ( B ∪ C ) > 0 P(B \cup C) > 0 P ( B ∪ C ) > 0 显然成立,故C正确。
四、解答题#
已知向量 a ⃗ = ( 2 , 1 ) \vec{a} = (2, 1) a = ( 2 , 1 ) ,∣ b ⃗ ∣ = 2 5 |\vec{b}| = 2\sqrt{5} ∣ b ∣ = 2 5 。
(1) 若 a ⃗ ∥ b ⃗ \vec{a} \parallel \vec{b} a ∥ b ,求向量 b ⃗ \vec{b} b 的坐标;
(2) 若 ( 3 a ⃗ + b ⃗ ) ⊥ ( a ⃗ − 2 b ⃗ ) (3\vec{a} + \vec{b}) \perp (\vec{a} - 2\vec{b}) ( 3 a + b ) ⊥ ( a − 2 b ) ,求向量 a ⃗ \vec{a} a 与向量 b ⃗ \vec{b} b 的夹角 θ \theta θ 。
详解:
(1) 因为 a ⃗ ∥ b ⃗ \vec{a} \parallel \vec{b} a ∥ b ,设 b ⃗ = k a ⃗ = ( 2 k , k ) \vec{b} = k\vec{a} = (2k, k) b = k a = ( 2 k , k ) 。
由 ∣ b ⃗ ∣ = 2 5 |\vec{b}| = 2\sqrt{5} ∣ b ∣ = 2 5 得 ( 2 k ) 2 + k 2 = 5 k 2 = 5 ∣ k ∣ = 2 5 \sqrt{(2k)^2 + k^2} = \sqrt{5k^2} = \sqrt{5}|k| = 2\sqrt{5} ( 2 k ) 2 + k 2 = 5 k 2 = 5 ∣ k ∣ = 2 5 ,解得 k = ± 2 k = \pm 2 k = ± 2 。
所以 b ⃗ = ( 4 , 2 ) \vec{b} = (4, 2) b = ( 4 , 2 ) 或 ( − 4 , − 2 ) (-4, -2) ( − 4 , − 2 ) 。
(2) 因为 ( 3 a ⃗ + b ⃗ ) ⊥ ( a ⃗ − 2 b ⃗ ) (3\vec{a} + \vec{b}) \perp (\vec{a} - 2\vec{b}) ( 3 a + b ) ⊥ ( a − 2 b ) ,所以 ( 3 a ⃗ + b ⃗ ) ⋅ ( a ⃗ − 2 b ⃗ ) = 0 (3\vec{a} + \vec{b}) \cdot (\vec{a} - 2\vec{b}) = 0 ( 3 a + b ) ⋅ ( a − 2 b ) = 0 。
3 ∣ a ⃗ ∣ 2 − 6 a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ + a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ − 2 ∣ b ⃗ ∣ 2 = 0 3|\vec{a}|^2 - 6\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} + \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} - 2|\vec{b}|^2 = 0 3∣ a ∣ 2 − 6 a ⋅ b + a ⋅ b − 2∣ b ∣ 2 = 0
3 ( 5 ) 2 − 5 a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ − 2 ( 2 5 ) 2 = 0 3(\sqrt{5})^2 - 5\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} - 2(2\sqrt{5})^2 = 0 3 ( 5 ) 2 − 5 a ⋅ b − 2 ( 2 5 ) 2 = 0
15 − 5 a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ − 40 = 0 ⇒ − 5 a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = 25 ⇒ a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ = − 5 15 - 5\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} - 40 = 0 \Rightarrow -5\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} = 25 \Rightarrow \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} = -5 15 − 5 a ⋅ b − 40 = 0 ⇒ − 5 a ⋅ b = 25 ⇒ a ⋅ b = − 5 。
cos θ = a ⃗ ⋅ b ⃗ ∣ a ⃗ ∣ ∣ b ⃗ ∣ = − 5 5 × 2 5 = − 1 2 \cos\theta = \frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|} = \frac{-5}{\sqrt{5} \times 2\sqrt{5}} = -\frac{1}{2} cos θ = ∣ a ∣∣ b ∣ a ⋅ b = 5 × 2 5 − 5 = − 2 1 。
因为 θ ∈ [ 0 , π ] \theta \in [0, \pi] θ ∈ [ 0 , π ] ,所以 θ = 2 π 3 \theta = \frac{2\pi}{3} θ = 3 2 π 。
已知复数 z = ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) + ( m − 4 ) i ( m ∈ R ) z = (m^2 - 2m - 2) + (m - 4)i (m \in \mathbb{R}) z = ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) + ( m − 4 ) i ( m ∈ R ) 。
(1) 若复数 z 1 = z − 1 + i z_1 = z - 1 + i z 1 = z − 1 + i 为纯虚数,求 ∣ z ∣ |z| ∣ z ∣ 的值;
(2) 若复数 z 2 = z 1 + i z_2 = \frac{z}{1+i} z 2 = 1 + i z 在复平面内对应的点位于第四象限,求 m m m 的取值范围。
详解:
(1) z 1 = ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 − 1 ) + ( m − 4 + 1 ) i = ( m 2 − 2 m − 3 ) + ( m − 3 ) i z_1 = (m^2 - 2m - 2 - 1) + (m - 4 + 1)i = (m^2 - 2m - 3) + (m - 3)i z 1 = ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 − 1 ) + ( m − 4 + 1 ) i = ( m 2 − 2 m − 3 ) + ( m − 3 ) i 。
因为 z 1 z_1 z 1 为纯虚数,所以 { m 2 − 2 m − 3 = 0 m − 3 ≠ 0 \begin{cases} m^2 - 2m - 3 = 0 \\ m - 3 \neq 0 \end{cases} { m 2 − 2 m − 3 = 0 m − 3 = 0 。
由 m 2 − 2 m − 3 = 0 m^2 - 2m - 3 = 0 m 2 − 2 m − 3 = 0 得 m = 3 m = 3 m = 3 或 m = − 1 m = -1 m = − 1 。又因为 m − 3 ≠ 0 m - 3 \neq 0 m − 3 = 0 ,所以 m = − 1 m = -1 m = − 1 。
此时 z = ( 1 + 2 − 2 ) + ( − 1 − 4 ) i = 1 − 5 i z = (1 + 2 - 2) + (-1 - 4)i = 1 - 5i z = ( 1 + 2 − 2 ) + ( − 1 − 4 ) i = 1 − 5 i ,∣ z ∣ = 1 2 + ( − 5 ) 2 = 26 |z| = \sqrt{1^2 + (-5)^2} = \sqrt{26} ∣ z ∣ = 1 2 + ( − 5 ) 2 = 26 。
(2) z 2 = z 1 + i = ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) + ( m − 4 ) i 1 + i = [ ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) + ( m − 4 ) i ] ( 1 − i ) ( 1 + i ) ( 1 − i ) z_2 = \frac{z}{1+i} = \frac{(m^2-2m-2)+(m-4)i}{1+i} = \frac{[(m^2-2m-2)+(m-4)i](1-i)}{(1+i)(1-i)} z 2 = 1 + i z = 1 + i ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) + ( m − 4 ) i = ( 1 + i ) ( 1 − i ) [( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) + ( m − 4 ) i ] ( 1 − i )
= m 2 − 2 m − 2 + m − 4 − ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) i + ( m − 4 ) i 2 = m 2 − m − 6 + ( − m 2 + 3 m + 2 ) i 2 = \frac{m^2-2m-2 + m-4 - (m^2-2m-2)i + (m-4)i}{2} = \frac{m^2 - m - 6 + (-m^2 + 3m + 2)i}{2} = 2 m 2 − 2 m − 2 + m − 4 − ( m 2 − 2 m − 2 ) i + ( m − 4 ) i = 2 m 2 − m − 6 + ( − m 2 + 3 m + 2 ) i
= m 2 − m − 6 2 + − m 2 + 3 m + 2 2 i = \frac{m^2 - m - 6}{2} + \frac{-m^2 + 3m + 2}{2}i = 2 m 2 − m − 6 + 2 − m 2 + 3 m + 2 i 。
点位于第四象限,则实部大于0,虚部小于0。
{ m 2 − m − 6 > 0 − m 2 + 3 m + 2 < 0 ⇒ { ( m − 3 ) ( m + 2 ) > 0 m 2 − 3 m − 2 > 0 \begin{cases} m^2 - m - 6 > 0 \\ -m^2 + 3m + 2 < 0 \end{cases} \Rightarrow \begin{cases} (m-3)(m+2) > 0 \\ m^2 - 3m - 2 > 0 \end{cases} { m 2 − m − 6 > 0 − m 2 + 3 m + 2 < 0 ⇒ { ( m − 3 ) ( m + 2 ) > 0 m 2 − 3 m − 2 > 0 。
解不等式组得 m < − 2 m < -2 m < − 2 或 m > 3 m > 3 m > 3 。
为了解学生航空知识掌握的情况,某航空学校对全体学生进行航空知识问卷调查(满分100分),并从中随机抽取200份答卷作为样本,将样本成绩分成5组:[ 50 , 60 ) , [ 60 , 70 ) , [ 70 , 80 ) , [ 80 , 90 ) , [ 90 , 100 ] [50, 60), [60, 70), [70, 80), [80, 90), [90, 100] [ 50 , 60 ) , [ 60 , 70 ) , [ 70 , 80 ) , [ 80 , 90 ) , [ 90 , 100 ] ,得到如图所示的频率分布直方图。
(1) 求 a a a 的值以及样本成绩的第75百分位数;
(2) 已知样本成绩落在 [ 60 , 70 ) [60, 70) [ 60 , 70 ) 的平均数是65,标准差是4,落在 [ 80 , 90 ) [80, 90) [ 80 , 90 ) 的平均数是85,标准差是2,求这两组成绩合并后的平均数和方差。
详解:
(1) 直方图总频率之和为1:( 0.01 + a + 0.03 + 0.02 + 0.01 ) × 10 = 1 ⇒ a = 0.02 (0.01 + a + 0.03 + 0.02 + 0.01) \times 10 = 1 \Rightarrow a = 0.02 ( 0.01 + a + 0.03 + 0.02 + 0.01 ) × 10 = 1 ⇒ a = 0.02 。
第75百分位数:0.01 × 10 + 0.02 × 10 + 0.03 × 10 + ( x − 80 ) × 0.02 = 0.75 ⇒ 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.02 ( x − 80 ) = 0.75 ⇒ 0.02 ( x − 80 ) = 0.15 ⇒ x − 80 = 7.5 ⇒ x = 87.5 0.01 \times 10 + 0.02 \times 10 + 0.03 \times 10 + (x - 80) \times 0.02 = 0.75 \Rightarrow 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.02(x-80) = 0.75 \Rightarrow 0.02(x-80) = 0.15 \Rightarrow x - 80 = 7.5 \Rightarrow x = 87.5 0.01 × 10 + 0.02 × 10 + 0.03 × 10 + ( x − 80 ) × 0.02 = 0.75 ⇒ 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.02 ( x − 80 ) = 0.75 ⇒ 0.02 ( x − 80 ) = 0.15 ⇒ x − 80 = 7.5 ⇒ x = 87.5 。
(2) 设 [ 60 , 70 ) [60, 70) [ 60 , 70 ) 的人数为 n 1 n_1 n 1 ,[ 80 , 90 ) [80, 90) [ 80 , 90 ) 的人数为 n 2 n_2 n 2 。
n 1 = 200 × ( 0.02 × 10 ) = 40 , n 2 = 200 × ( 0.02 × 10 ) = 40 n_1 = 200 \times (0.02 \times 10) = 40, \quad n_2 = 200 \times (0.02 \times 10) = 40 n 1 = 200 × ( 0.02 × 10 ) = 40 , n 2 = 200 × ( 0.02 × 10 ) = 40 。
合并后的平均数 x ˉ = 40 × 65 + 40 × 85 40 + 40 = 2600 + 3400 80 = 75 \bar{x} = \frac{40 \times 65 + 40 \times 85}{40 + 40} = \frac{2600 + 3400}{80} = 75 x ˉ = 40 + 40 40 × 65 + 40 × 85 = 80 2600 + 3400 = 75 。
合并后的方差 s 2 = n 1 [ s 1 2 + ( x ˉ 1 − x ˉ ) 2 ] + n 2 [ s 2 2 + ( x ˉ 2 − x ˉ ) 2 ] n 1 + n 2 s^2 = \frac{n_1[s_1^2 + (\bar{x}_1 - \bar{x})^2] + n_2[s_2^2 + (\bar{x}_2 - \bar{x})^2]}{n_1 + n_2} s 2 = n 1 + n 2 n 1 [ s 1 2 + ( x ˉ 1 − x ˉ ) 2 ] + n 2 [ s 2 2 + ( x ˉ 2 − x ˉ ) 2 ] 。
s 2 = 40 × [ 4 2 + ( 65 − 75 ) 2 ] + 40 × [ 2 2 + ( 85 − 75 ) 2 ] 80 = 40 × ( 16 + 100 ) + 40 × ( 4 + 100 ) 80 = 40 × 116 + 40 × 104 80 = 40 × 220 80 = 110 s^2 = \frac{40 \times [4^2 + (65 - 75)^2] + 40 \times [2^2 + (85 - 75)^2]}{80} = \frac{40 \times (16 + 100) + 40 \times (4 + 100)}{80} = \frac{40 \times 116 + 40 \times 104}{80} = \frac{40 \times 220}{80} = 110 s 2 = 80 40 × [ 4 2 + ( 65 − 75 ) 2 ] + 40 × [ 2 2 + ( 85 − 75 ) 2 ] = 80 40 × ( 16 + 100 ) + 40 × ( 4 + 100 ) = 80 40 × 116 + 40 × 104 = 80 40 × 220 = 110 。
已知 △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C 的内角 A , B , C A, B, C A , B , C 的对边分别为 a , b , c a, b, c a , b , c ,cos A = 1 3 \cos A = \frac{1}{3} cos A = 3 1 ,且 c = 2 b c = 2b c = 2 b 。
(1) 求 sin B \sin B sin B 的值;
(2) 若 △ A B C \triangle ABC △ A B C 的面积为 4 2 4\sqrt{2} 4 2 ,求 B C BC B C 边上的高。
详解:
(1) 由余弦定理,a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A = b 2 + ( 2 b ) 2 − 2 ⋅ b ⋅ 2 b ⋅ 1 3 = 5 b 2 − 4 3 b 2 = 11 3 b 2 a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bc\cos A = b^2 + (2b)^2 - 2 \cdot b \cdot 2b \cdot \frac{1}{3} = 5b^2 - \frac{4}{3}b^2 = \frac{11}{3}b^2 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A = b 2 + ( 2 b ) 2 − 2 ⋅ b ⋅ 2 b ⋅ 3 1 = 5 b 2 − 3 4 b 2 = 3 11 b 2 ,所以 a = 11 3 b a = \sqrt{\frac{11}{3}}b a = 3 11 b 。
由正弦定理 b sin B = a sin A \frac{b}{\sin B} = \frac{a}{\sin A} s i n B b = s i n A a ,得 sin B = b sin A a = b × 1 − ( 1 / 3 ) 2 11 / 3 b = 8 / 9 11 / 3 = 2 2 / 3 11 / 3 = 2 2 11 = 2 22 11 \sin B = \frac{b \sin A}{a} = \frac{b \times \sqrt{1 - (1/3)^2}}{\sqrt{11/3} b} = \frac{\sqrt{8/9}}{\sqrt{11/3}} = \frac{2\sqrt{2}/3}{\sqrt{11/3}} = \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{11}} = \frac{2\sqrt{22}}{11} sin B = a b s i n A = 11/3 b b × 1 − ( 1/3 ) 2 = 11/3 8/9 = 11/3 2 2 /3 = 11 2 2 = 11 2 22 。
(2) 三角形面积 S = 1 2 b c sin A = 1 2 ⋅ b ⋅ 2 b ⋅ 2 2 3 = 2 2 3 b 2 = 4 2 S = \frac{1}{2}bc\sin A = \frac{1}{2} \cdot b \cdot 2b \cdot \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3} = \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}b^2 = 4\sqrt{2} S = 2 1 b c sin A = 2 1 ⋅ b ⋅ 2 b ⋅ 3 2 2 = 3 2 2 b 2 = 4 2 ,解得 b 2 = 6 b^2 = 6 b 2 = 6 ,故 b = 6 , c = 2 6 b = \sqrt{6}, c = 2\sqrt{6} b = 6 , c = 2 6 。
B C BC B C 边上的高 h a = 2 S a = 2 × 4 2 11 / 3 ⋅ 6 = 8 2 22 = 8 2 22 = 8 2 2 11 = 8 11 = 8 11 11 h_a = \frac{2S}{a} = \frac{2 \times 4\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{11/3} \cdot \sqrt{6}} = \frac{8\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{22}} = \frac{8\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{22}} = \frac{8\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}\sqrt{11}} = \frac{8}{\sqrt{11}} = \frac{8\sqrt{11}}{11} h a = a 2 S = 11/3 ⋅ 6 2 × 4 2 = 22 8 2 = 22 8 2 = 2 11 8 2 = 11 8 = 11 8 11 。
如图,在正四棱台 A B C D − A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 ABCD-A_1B_1C_1D_1 A B C D − A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 中,A B = 3 A 1 B 1 = 6 , A A 1 = 4 AB = 3A_1B_1 = 6, AA_1 = 4 A B = 3 A 1 B 1 = 6 , A A 1 = 4 ,M M M 为 A B AB A B 边上一点,且 A M = 2 M B AM = 2MB A M = 2 M B ,P P P 为棱 B B 1 BB_1 B B 1 上的动点。
(1) 求四棱台 A B C D − A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 ABCD-A_1B_1C_1D_1 A B C D − A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 的体积;
(2) 在 B C BC B C 边上求一点 N N N ,使得 A 1 M ∥ 平面 C 1 D N A_1M \parallel \text{平面 } C_1DN A 1 M ∥ 平面 C 1 D N ,并说明理由;
(3) 求 A P + P C AP + PC A P + P C 的最小值。
详解:
(1) 下底面积 S 1 = 6 2 = 36 S_1 = 6^2 = 36 S 1 = 6 2 = 36 ,上底面积 S 2 = 2 2 = 4 S_2 = 2^2 = 4 S 2 = 2 2 = 4 。在等腰梯形 A B B 1 A 1 ABB_1A_1 A B B 1 A 1 中求高,A B = 6 , A 1 B 1 = 2 , A A 1 = 4 AB=6, A_1B_1=2, AA_1=4 A B = 6 , A 1 B 1 = 2 , A A 1 = 4 ,高 h = 4 2 − ( 6 − 2 2 ) 2 = 16 − 4 = 2 3 h = \sqrt{4^2 - (\frac{6-2}{2})^2} = \sqrt{16 - 4} = 2\sqrt{3} h = 4 2 − ( 2 6 − 2 ) 2 = 16 − 4 = 2 3 。
四棱台体积 V = 1 3 h ( S 1 + S 2 + S 1 S 2 ) = 1 3 × 2 3 × ( 36 + 4 + 12 ) = 1 3 × 2 3 × 52 = 104 3 3 V = \frac{1}{3}h(S_1 + S_2 + \sqrt{S_1S_2}) = \frac{1}{3} \times 2\sqrt{3} \times (36 + 4 + 12) = \frac{1}{3} \times 2\sqrt{3} \times 52 = \frac{104\sqrt{3}}{3} V = 3 1 h ( S 1 + S 2 + S 1 S 2 ) = 3 1 × 2 3 × ( 36 + 4 + 12 ) = 3 1 × 2 3 × 52 = 3 104 3 。
(2) 以 A A A 为原点建立空间直角坐标系,A ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , B ( 6 , 0 , 0 ) , C ( 6 , 6 , 0 ) , D ( 0 , 6 , 0 ) , A 1 ( 2 , 2 , 4 ) , C 1 ( 4 , 4 , 4 ) A(0,0,0), B(6,0,0), C(6,6,0), D(0,6,0), A_1(2,2,4), C_1(4,4,4) A ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , B ( 6 , 0 , 0 ) , C ( 6 , 6 , 0 ) , D ( 0 , 6 , 0 ) , A 1 ( 2 , 2 , 4 ) , C 1 ( 4 , 4 , 4 ) 。
M ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) M(2,0,0) M ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) ,设 N ( 6 , y , 0 ) N(6, y, 0) N ( 6 , y , 0 ) 。A 1 M ⃗ = ( 2 , − 2 , − 4 ) \vec{A_1M} = (2, -2, -4) A 1 M = ( 2 , − 2 , − 4 ) ,C 1 N ⃗ = ( 2 , y − 4 , − 4 ) \vec{C_1N} = (2, y-4, -4) C 1 N = ( 2 , y − 4 , − 4 ) ,D N ⃗ = ( 6 , y − 6 , 0 ) \vec{DN} = (6, y-6, 0) D N = ( 6 , y − 6 , 0 ) 。
设平面 C 1 D N C_1DN C 1 D N 的法向量 n ⃗ = ( x , y , z ) \vec{n} = (x, y, z) n = ( x , y , z ) 。由 C 1 N ⃗ ⋅ n ⃗ = 0 \vec{C_1N} \cdot \vec{n} = 0 C 1 N ⋅ n = 0 得 2 x + ( y − 4 ) y − 4 z = 0 2x + (y-4)y - 4z = 0 2 x + ( y − 4 ) y − 4 z = 0 ,由 D N ⃗ ⋅ n ⃗ = 0 \vec{DN} \cdot \vec{n} = 0 D N ⋅ n = 0 得 6 x + ( y − 6 ) y = 0 6x + (y-6)y = 0 6 x + ( y − 6 ) y = 0 。
将 A 1 M ⃗ ⋅ n ⃗ = 0 \vec{A_1M} \cdot \vec{n} = 0 A 1 M ⋅ n = 0 代入得 2 x − 2 y − 4 z = 0 ⇒ x − y − 2 z = 0 2x - 2y - 4z = 0 \Rightarrow x - y - 2z = 0 2 x − 2 y − 4 z = 0 ⇒ x − y − 2 z = 0 。
与 C 1 N C_1N C 1 N 方程联立解得 y = 6 y=6 y = 6 ,故 N ( 6 , 6 , 0 ) N(6,6,0) N ( 6 , 6 , 0 ) ,即 N N N 与 C C C 重合。理由:代入坐标法验证,当 N N N 为 C C C 点时,平面 C 1 C D C_1CD C 1 C D 的法向量与 A 1 M ⃗ \vec{A_1M} A 1 M 垂直,满足平行条件。
(3) 展开侧面 A B B 1 B ABB_1B A B B 1 B 和 B C C 1 B 1 BCC_1B_1 B C C 1 B 1 ,使 A , P , C A, P, C A , P , C 共面。在展开图中,直接连接 A A A 与 C C C ,线段长度即为最小值。通过勾股定理计算,得 A C = A B 1 2 + B 1 C 1 2 = ( A B + B B 1 ) 2 + B 1 C 1 2 AC = \sqrt{AB_1^2 + B_1C_1^2} = \sqrt{(AB+BB_1)^2 + B_1C_1^2} A C = A B 1 2 + B 1 C 1 2 = ( A B + B B 1 ) 2 + B 1 C 1 2 ,代入数据得到最小值为 4 6 4\sqrt{6} 4 6 。